Common Houseplant Diseases

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1. Introduction

Caring for houseplants is a rewarding and fulfilling activity, bringing a touch of nature into our homes. However, plants, like all living organisms, are susceptible to various diseases that can affect their growth and overall health. Identifying and treating these diseases early is crucial to prevent further damage and ensure that your houseplants thrive. Regular care and maintenance are essential, but even the most diligent plant owners may encounter some common plant diseases.

Houseplant diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

  1. Environmental stress: Improper lighting, humidity, and watering practices can weaken plants, making them more susceptible to disease.
  2. Fungal infections: Certain fungi thrive in warm, moist environments, leading to diseases like powdery mildew or root rot.
  3. Bacterial infections: Bacteria can enter through wounds or cuts and cause diseases like bacterial leaf spots and soft rot.
  4. Viral diseases: Viruses such as mosaic virus can affect a wide range of plants, causing discoloration and stunted growth.

By understanding the most common houseplant diseases and knowing how to recognize the symptoms early, you can act quickly to treat and manage these issues. Below are some of the most frequent diseases that houseplants may face:

  • Powdery Mildew: A fungal disease that results in a white powdery coating on leaves.
  • Root Rot: Caused by overwatering, this disease affects the roots and can quickly spread throughout the plant.
  • Fusarium Wilt: A soil-borne fungal infection that causes wilting and yellowing of leaves.
  • Bacterial Leaf Spot: Characterized by dark, water-soaked spots on plant leaves.
  • Mosaic Virus: A viral infection that creates a mottled pattern on leaves, stunting growth.

Proper plant care, regular inspection, and understanding how to prevent these diseases are essential steps in maintaining healthy houseplants. In the following sections, we will dive deeper into each disease, its causes, symptoms, and how to manage and treat them effectively.

 

Common Houseplant DiseasesCommon Houseplant Diseases

2. Recognizing Symptoms of Plant Diseases

Recognizing the symptoms of plant diseases early is crucial for managing and treating them effectively. Different types of plant diseases exhibit various symptoms, and understanding these signs can help you take quick action. Below are the most common symptoms that indicate a plant may be suffering from a disease:

  1. Yellowing Leaves: One of the most common signs of a diseased plant is yellowing leaves, often starting from the lower leaves and progressing upward. This could be due to a variety of issues, including fungal, bacterial, or viral infections.
  2. Wilting: If a plant is wilting despite having adequate water, it could indicate a problem with the roots (e.g., root rot) or a bacterial infection affecting the vascular system of the plant.
  3. Spots on Leaves: Brown, black, or yellow spots on leaves are often signs of a fungal or bacterial infection. These spots can spread quickly and may cause the affected leaves to die.
  4. Stunted Growth: Plants that show stunted growth or have smaller-than-usual leaves may be infected with a viral disease like mosaic virus or a fungal issue.

It is important to distinguish between pests and diseases, as both can have similar symptoms, such as holes in leaves, wilting, or discoloration. Here's how to differentiate between the two:

  • Pests: Check for visible insects, webbing, or small, discolored spots caused by insect feeding. Pests like aphids, spider mites, and mealybugs can also cause plant leaves to curl.
  • Diseases: Diseases typically present themselves as discoloration, mold growth, or lesions on plant tissues. Fungal and bacterial infections often spread quickly, while pests usually cause localized damage.

To help identify plant diseases more effectively, a visual guide can be useful. Look for:

  • White or grayish fuzz: This may indicate fungal growth like powdery mildew.
  • Water-soaked spots: These are often a sign of bacterial infections like bacterial leaf spot.
  • Yellow or mottled leaves: This could be caused by viral diseases like mosaic virus.

3. Fungal Diseases in Houseplants

Fungal diseases are among the most common types of diseases that affect houseplants. These diseases thrive in warm, moist environments and can spread quickly if not identified and treated early. Below, we explore three of the most prevalent fungal diseases in houseplants: Powdery Mildew, Root Rot, and Fusarium Wilt.

3.1. Powdery Mildew

Description and Symptoms: Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that appears as white or grayish powdery spots on the surface of leaves, stems, and buds. As the disease progresses, the leaves may curl and distort, and the plant's overall health may decline. This disease thrives in environments with high humidity and poor air circulation.

Common Houseplants Affected: Many houseplants are susceptible to powdery mildew, including:

  • Geraniums
  • Begonias
  • Fuchsias
  • Azaleas
  • Spider plants

Prevention and Treatment Options: To prevent powdery mildew, ensure good air circulation around the plant, avoid overhead watering, and maintain proper humidity levels. If your plant is affected, remove the infected leaves and treat the plant with fungicides. You can also use organic treatments, such as a mixture of water and baking soda (1 tablespoon of baking soda per gallon of water), to help control the disease.

3.2. Root Rot

Description and Symptoms: Root rot is a common fungal disease that affects the roots of plants. It occurs when the roots are exposed to excessive moisture, typically due to overwatering or poor drainage. Symptoms of root rot include wilting, yellowing leaves, a foul odor coming from the soil, and soft, mushy roots when inspected.

Causes (Overwatering, Poor Drainage): The main causes of root rot are overwatering and inadequate drainage. When plants are watered too frequently or when their pots lack proper drainage holes, the soil becomes waterlogged, creating a perfect environment for root rot-causing fungi to thrive.

How to Manage and Prevent Root Rot: To prevent root rot, ensure that your houseplant's container has proper drainage and that you are not overwatering. Check the soil's moisture level before watering, and allow the soil to dry out between waterings. If root rot occurs, remove the affected plant from the pot, trim away any rotting roots, and repot the plant in fresh, well-draining soil. You may also consider using a fungicide specifically designed for root rot.

3.3. Fusarium Wilt

Overview of Fusarium Wilt: Fusarium wilt is a soil-borne fungal disease that affects the vascular system of plants, leading to wilting and yellowing of the leaves. The disease progresses rapidly and can kill the plant if left untreated. Fusarium wilt is most often seen in plants that are stressed by environmental factors or poor growing conditions.

Affected Plants and Symptoms: Fusarium wilt can affect a variety of houseplants, including:

  • Tomatoes
  • Cucumbers
  • Geraniums
  • Petunias
Symptoms include yellowing of the lower leaves, wilting despite adequate watering, and eventual plant collapse. The vascular tissues inside the plant will show signs of browning when cut open, a characteristic sign of Fusarium infection.

 

Treatment and Prevention: Fusarium wilt is difficult to treat once it has spread, as it is resistant to most fungicides. Prevention is the most effective approach. Use disease-resistant plant varieties, avoid overhead watering, and ensure good soil drainage. If Fusarium wilt is detected early, it may be possible to save the plant by removing and destroying infected parts and improving the overall growing conditions.

 

 

Common Houseplant Diseases

4. Bacterial Diseases in Houseplants

Bacterial diseases in houseplants can spread quickly if not managed properly. These infections often cause significant damage to plant tissues and can lead to plant death if left untreated. Below, we explore two common bacterial diseases that affect houseplants: Bacterial Leaf Spot and Bacterial Soft Rot. Both diseases exhibit distinct symptoms and require different approaches to treatment and prevention.

4.1. Bacterial Leaf Spot

Symptoms and Signs: Bacterial leaf spot is characterized by small, dark, water-soaked spots on the leaves, which may enlarge and turn yellow or brown as the infection progresses. The edges of these spots may appear ragged, and in severe cases, the entire leaf may die off. The bacteria responsible for this disease typically enter the plant through wounds or damaged tissue.

Plants Typically Affected: Various houseplants are susceptible to bacterial leaf spot, including:

  • Begonias
  • Geraniums
  • Ficus
  • Tomatoes (if grown indoors)
  • Peace lilies

How to Treat and Prevent Bacterial Leaf Spot: To treat bacterial leaf spot, remove and destroy infected leaves immediately to prevent the bacteria from spreading. Use a bactericide or copper-based fungicide to control the infection. To prevent future outbreaks, avoid overhead watering, as wet foliage encourages bacterial growth. Ensure good air circulation around plants and be cautious when handling plants to avoid causing wounds. Regularly inspect your plants for any signs of infection and act promptly if symptoms appear.

4.2. Bacterial Soft Rot

Description of Bacterial Soft Rot: Bacterial soft rot is caused by several bacteria species, most commonly *Erwinia* species. This disease affects the plant’s stems, leaves, and roots, causing them to become mushy, waterlogged, and discolored. A strong, unpleasant odor is often present, indicating the breakdown of plant tissues. Bacterial soft rot is most often found in plants with poor drainage or overwatered conditions.

Impact on Plant Tissues: As the bacteria infect plant tissues, they release enzymes that break down the cell walls, leading to the softening and decay of the affected parts. The affected areas become brown, mushy, and may emit a foul odor. If left untreated, the infection can spread rapidly, killing the plant in a short time.

Effective Treatment and Prevention Methods: To treat bacterial soft rot, remove the infected plant parts and discard them immediately to prevent further spread. Ensure that the plant has adequate drainage and avoid overwatering. For plants in pots, use a well-draining soil mix to prevent waterlogged conditions. In cases of severe infection, you may need to dispose of the affected plant. To prevent bacterial soft rot, ensure that plants are not subjected to stress due to overwatering, and maintain proper humidity and ventilation around your plants. Also, sterilize tools regularly when working with plants to avoid transferring bacteria from one plant to another.

5. Viral Diseases in Houseplants

Viral diseases in houseplants can be challenging to manage, as they often cause irreversible damage and have no known cure. Once a plant is infected with a virus, it typically remains infected for the rest of its life. Early detection and preventive measures are essential for controlling the spread of viral infections. This section covers two viral diseases that commonly affect houseplants: Mosaic Virus and Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus.

5.1. Mosaic Virus

What is Mosaic Virus, and How It Affects Plants: Mosaic Virus is a common viral disease that affects many types of plants, causing distorted growth and irregular patterns on leaves. The virus gets its name from the mosaic-like pattern of light and dark green patches that appear on the affected leaves. This virus can stunt plant growth, reduce yields, and weaken the plant, making it more susceptible to other diseases.

Symptoms to Watch For (Mottling, Discoloration): The most prominent symptom of Mosaic Virus is the appearance of light and dark green mottling on the leaves. Infected leaves may also curl, become brittle, and develop yellowing along the veins. In severe cases, the plant may exhibit stunted growth, and flowering may be impaired.

Common Houseplants Affected: Mosaic Virus can affect a wide range of houseplants, including:

  • Snake plants (Sansevieria)
  • Impatiens
  • Petunias
  • Tomatoes (indoor growing)
  • Geraniums

How to Prevent and Manage Mosaic Virus: Preventing the Mosaic Virus is challenging since it is primarily spread by insect vectors, such as aphids and thrips. The best preventive measure is to reduce the presence of these insects by using insect barriers or insecticidal soaps. It is also essential to practice good garden hygiene by sterilizing tools and removing any infected plants promptly to prevent the virus from spreading to healthy plants. Once infected, there is no cure for the virus, so removal of affected plants is often the best course of action.

5.2. Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus

Symptoms and Effect on Houseplants: Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) causes symptoms similar to other viral infections, including stunted growth, discolored streaks on leaves, and wilting. Infected plants may show a characteristic mosaic pattern on their leaves and exhibit spotting and discoloration along the veins. The virus can also cause distorted flower and fruit development, leading to poor plant performance and reduced vitality.

Preventative Measures: The primary method of preventing Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus is by controlling insect vectors, particularly thrips, which are the main carriers of the virus. Using insecticidal soap or neem oil can help reduce the thrip population on plants. Additionally, removing infected plants and practicing crop rotation in areas where plants are grown outdoors can help limit the virus spread. Maintaining healthy, well-nourished plants can also reduce the plant's susceptibility to viral infections.

Best Practices for Controlling This Virus: Since there is no cure for Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus, the key to controlling it lies in prevention. Insect control is essential, so regularly inspect plants for signs of thrips and use preventive measures such as sticky traps to monitor insect activity. Keep plants isolated from those showing symptoms of infection and avoid cross-contamination by sterilizing gardening tools regularly. Early detection and quick removal of infected plants can help prevent the spread of the virus to healthy plants.

 

 

Common Houseplant Diseases

6. Insect-Transmitted Diseases in Houseplants

Insect pests play a significant role in spreading diseases among houseplants. Certain insects act as vectors, transmitting bacteria, viruses, and fungi from one plant to another, often causing rapid and widespread damage. Understanding how insects contribute to disease spread and implementing strategies to control these pests is essential for maintaining plant health.

Overview of Insects That Spread Diseases (Aphids, Whiteflies, etc.): Several insect species are known to transmit plant diseases, including:

  • Aphids: These small, soft-bodied insects suck sap from plants and can transmit various viruses, including the Mosaic Virus and others.
  • Whiteflies: These tiny, flying insects feed on plant sap and are responsible for spreading diseases like Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus.
  • Thrips: Known for transmitting Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus and other viral infections, thrips are difficult to detect due to their small size and rapid movement.
  • Leafhoppers: These insects spread bacterial diseases such as bacterial leaf spot and can cause significant damage to plants.

How Insect Pests Contribute to Disease Spread: Insects transmit diseases in two primary ways:

  • Feeding: When insects feed on plant sap, they may introduce pathogens into the plant through their mouthparts, which can spread the infection to other areas of the plant.
  • Contamination: Insects can carry pathogens on their bodies, transferring the diseases to healthy plants when they move from one plant to another.

Steps to Control Insect-Transmitted Diseases: To prevent insect-transmitted diseases, it is crucial to control insect populations effectively:

  • Regular Inspection: Check plants regularly for signs of insects, especially aphids, whiteflies, and thrips.
  • Insecticidal Soaps and Neem Oil: Use insecticidal soaps or neem oil to control insect pests safely without harming your plants.
  • Sticky Traps: Yellow sticky traps can attract and capture flying insects like whiteflies and aphids.
  • Isolation: Isolate newly purchased or infected plants to prevent the spread of insects to healthy plants.
  • Good Hygiene: Sterilize gardening tools and containers regularly to prevent cross-contamination of pests and diseases.

7. Environmental Factors Leading to Disease

Environmental factors play a significant role in the health of houseplants. Conditions like improper watering, poor lighting, low humidity, and temperature extremes can create an environment conducive to plant diseases. In this section, we’ll explore how environmental factors contribute to the spread of diseases and offer solutions to avoid these issues.

7.1. Overwatering and Underwatering

How These Issues Contribute to Fungal and Bacterial Infections: Both overwatering and underwatering can lead to weakened plants, making them more susceptible to infections. Overwatering creates stagnant, wet conditions that promote fungal diseases like root rot, while underwatering stresses the plant, making it vulnerable to bacterial infections.

Signs of Overwatering and Underwatering:

  • Overwatering: Yellowing leaves, moldy or mushy roots, and a foul odor coming from the soil.
  • Underwatering: Dry, crispy leaves, wilting, and a dry, cracked soil surface.

Proper Watering Techniques to Avoid Diseases: To prevent overwatering, ensure that your plants are in well-draining pots and that the soil dries out between waterings. Use a moisture meter or your finger to check the soil’s moisture level before watering. For underwatering, water your plants thoroughly when the top inch of soil feels dry to the touch, making sure to allow the water to reach the roots.

7.2. Poor Lighting and Humidity

Effects of Low Light and Humidity on Plant Health: Insufficient light can cause plants to become weak and leggy, making them more vulnerable to disease. Low humidity levels, on the other hand, can dry out plant tissues, reducing their ability to fight off infections.

How Improper Lighting and Humidity Levels Encourage Disease: Low light encourages fungal diseases like powdery mildew, while low humidity can cause the development of spider mites, which can spread bacterial and viral diseases. Proper lighting and humidity levels are crucial for maintaining a healthy immune system in plants.

Correct Lighting and Humidity Practices: Ensure that plants receive adequate light according to their needs, placing them near windows or providing grow lights if necessary. Maintain humidity levels between 40% and 60% for most houseplants, especially in dry indoor environments. Use a humidity tray, mist the leaves occasionally, or place a humidifier nearby to maintain ideal conditions.

7.3. Temperature Extremes

The Effect of Fluctuating Temperatures on Plant Diseases: Temperature extremes, including sudden temperature fluctuations, can stress plants and make them more susceptible to diseases. High temperatures can promote the growth of fungal spores, while low temperatures can weaken plants, making them more prone to infections.

How Temperature Stress Weakens Plants, Making Them More Susceptible to Disease: Plants subjected to extreme heat or cold can experience dehydration, leaf drop, or stunted growth. These stress factors create openings for pathogens to enter and infect the plant.

 

 

Common Houseplant Diseases

8. Prevention and Treatment of Houseplant Diseases

Preventing and treating houseplant diseases is crucial for maintaining a healthy garden environment. While some diseases can be difficult to completely eradicate, early detection and prompt action can minimize their impact. In this section, we’ll cover general best practices for disease prevention, as well as natural and chemical treatment options, and the importance of quarantine and regular plant inspection.

General Best Practices for Disease Prevention

  • Proper Watering Techniques: Ensure plants are watered correctly to avoid overwatering and underwatering, which can lead to root rot and other diseases.
  • Good Air Circulation: Avoid overcrowding plants. Proper spacing allows for better airflow, reducing humidity around the plant, which helps prevent fungal infections.
  • Cleanliness: Regularly clean the leaves of your plants using a damp cloth to remove dust and debris, which can harbor pests and pathogens.
  • Sanitize Tools: Always sanitize gardening tools between uses to prevent the spread of diseases from plant to plant.

Natural Remedies and Chemical Treatments

Natural Remedies: For gardeners who prefer eco-friendly solutions, several natural remedies can help manage and prevent diseases:

  • Neem Oil: Neem oil is an effective natural fungicide and insecticide, which can help treat fungal diseases like powdery mildew and aphids.
  • Garlic and Chili Spray: A homemade garlic and chili spray can help deter pests like aphids, thrips, and whiteflies, which are vectors for plant diseases.
  • Baking Soda Solution: A mixture of baking soda and water can act as a mild fungicide to control fungal growth on leaves.

Chemical Treatments: While natural remedies can be effective, sometimes more robust treatments are necessary. Some commonly used chemical treatments include:

  • Fungicides: Use fungicides to combat fungal infections such as powdery mildew and root rot. Always follow the instructions for safe use.
  • Bactericides: Bactericides can help control bacterial diseases like bacterial leaf spot and bacterial soft rot.

Importance of Quarantining New Plants and Inspecting Regularly

When adding new plants to your collection, always quarantine them for at least two weeks before introducing them to your other plants. This helps ensure they are disease-free and prevents the spread of pests and pathogens. Additionally, regularly inspect your plants for signs of disease, pest infestations, or stress. Catching problems early makes them easier to treat and prevents them from spreading to other plants.

Keeping Plants Healthy Through Proper Care and Maintenance

The best way to prevent plant diseases is to keep your plants healthy. By providing proper care, including correct watering, adequate light, and appropriate temperature, you can minimize stress, which makes plants more resistant to disease. A strong, healthy plant is much more likely to recover from an infection and resist future attacks.

9. Common Houseplants Prone to Disease

Some houseplants are more susceptible to diseases due to their growing conditions, genetic factors, or care needs. Understanding the common diseases that affect these plants and how to care for them properly can help you keep your indoor garden healthy. In this section, we’ll list some houseplants that are prone to disease, discuss their specific vulnerabilities, and provide tips for minimizing disease risk.

Houseplants Commonly Affected by Diseases

  • Spider Plant (Chlorophytum comosum): Spider plants are prone to fungal diseases like root rot and leaf spot, especially when overwatered or kept in poorly drained soil.
  • Pothos (Epipremnum aureum): Pothos are susceptible to root rot and fungal infections, particularly in damp conditions with poor airflow.
  • Ficus (Ficus spp.): Ficus plants, especially Ficus benjamina, are vulnerable to leaf spot diseases, which thrive in high humidity and stagnant air.
  • Peace Lily (Spathiphyllum): Peace lilies can develop fungal infections, especially in humid, stagnant conditions, and are prone to leaf spot diseases.
  • English Ivy (Hedera helix): This plant is highly susceptible to powdery mildew and aphid infestations, which can lead to bacterial and viral infections.

Specific Vulnerabilities and Care Tips

  • Spider Plant: Avoid overwatering and ensure good drainage. Keep the plant in a well-ventilated area with indirect light to reduce fungal growth.
  • Pothos: Ensure the soil is allowed to dry out between waterings. Provide adequate air circulation and avoid excessive humidity to prevent fungal infections.
  • Ficus: Keep Ficus plants in a well-lit area and avoid overwatering. Regularly check for signs of leaf spot and remove affected leaves promptly.
  • Peace Lily: Ensure the plant receives proper watering without sitting in water. Regularly inspect for yellow or brown leaves, which can indicate fungal issues.
  • English Ivy: Maintain good air circulation and avoid high humidity to reduce the risk of powdery mildew. Regularly check for pests like aphids and treat them promptly.

How to Care for These Plants to Minimize Disease Risk

  • Regular Inspections: Inspect your plants frequently for signs of pests or disease. Early detection allows for quicker treatment.
  • Proper Watering: Water only when the top inch of soil is dry to avoid waterlogged conditions that encourage root rot.
  • Well-Draining Soil: Ensure your plants are in pots with drainage holes, and use well-draining soil to prevent water stagnation.
  • Good Airflow: Place your plants in areas with adequate airflow to prevent fungal infections and promote overall plant health.

 

Common Houseplant Diseases

10. How to Revive a Diseased Houseplant

Reviving a diseased houseplant requires quick action and careful attention. Depending on the severity of the disease, some plants can bounce back with proper care, while others may be beyond recovery. In this section, we’ll provide a step-by-step guide to saving a diseased plant, how to determine if revival is possible, and general care tips for stressed or diseased plants.

Step-by-Step Guide to Saving a Diseased Plant

  1. Identify the Problem: Examine the plant closely to identify signs of disease, such as yellowing leaves, wilting, or spots. This helps you choose the correct treatment.
  2. Remove Affected Parts: Trim away any dead or diseased leaves, stems, or roots to prevent the disease from spreading.
  3. Repot the Plant (if necessary): If the plant has root rot, remove it from its pot, trim off any rotting roots, and repot it in fresh, well-draining soil.
  4. Treat the Disease: Use appropriate treatments, such as fungicides or bactericides, based on the disease affecting the plant.
  5. Provide Optimal Conditions: Place the plant in an area with the right temperature, humidity, and light. Avoid direct sunlight initially to reduce stress.

How to Identify if Revival is Possible

  • Minor Damage: If only a few leaves or roots are affected, revival is highly possible with proper care.
  • Severe Damage: If most of the plant is affected, revival is less likely but may still be possible with prompt action and regular care.

General Care Tips for Stressed or Diseased Plants

  • Watering: Ensure consistent but not excessive watering. Stressed plants need balanced hydration to recover.
  • Proper Light: Provide indirect, bright light for recovery, avoiding direct sunlight which can cause further stress.
  • Fertilizing: Avoid fertilizing diseased plants until they show signs of recovery. Fertilizer can stress the plant further when it’s in a weakened state.

11. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

In this section, we answer some of the most common questions related to houseplant diseases to help you better understand how to protect your plants and keep them healthy.

  1. How can I prevent my houseplants from getting diseases?
    • Practice good hygiene by regularly cleaning your plants and removing dead or damaged leaves.
    • Ensure proper watering techniques and avoid overwatering to prevent fungal infections.
    • Use well-draining soil and ensure your pots have drainage holes to prevent root rot.
    • Maintain proper air circulation and light conditions to reduce the likelihood of disease.
  2. Are there any natural remedies for plant diseases?
    • Yes, there are several natural remedies, such as neem oil, garlic spray, and a mixture of baking soda and water for fungal infections.
    • Ensure that natural treatments are suitable for your specific plant and the disease you are dealing with.
  3. What should I do if I notice a disease spreading to other plants?
    • Quarantine the affected plant to prevent the disease from spreading to healthy plants.
    • Remove any diseased parts of the plant and treat it with appropriate treatments such as fungicides or bactericides.
  4. Can indoor plants get diseases like outdoor plants?
    • Yes, indoor plants are susceptible to the same diseases as outdoor plants, though the conditions may differ.
    • Indoor plants may be more prone to pests like spider mites, aphids, and whiteflies due to the lack of natural predators.
  5. How can I tell if my houseplant is dying from disease or just poor care?
    • If your plant is suffering from disease, you may notice unusual signs like spots, wilting, or mold growth, while poor care usually leads to more general signs like yellowing or drooping leaves.
    • To determine the cause, review your plant's care routine and check for pest infestations or signs of disease.

 

Additional Resources

Best Soil for Indoor Plants

DIY Garden Ideas for Small Spaces

How to Repot Indoor Plants

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